我 10 个月前开始成为一名 Gopher，没有回头。像许多其他 gopher 一样，我很快发现简单的语言特性对于快速构建快速、可扩展的软件非常有用。当我刚开始学习 Go 时，我正在玩不同的多路复用器（multiplexer），它可以作为 API 服务器使用。如果您像我一样有 Rails 背景，你可能也会在构建 Web 框架提供的所有功能方面遇到困难。回到多路复用器，我发现了 3 个是非常有用的好东西，即 [Gorilla mux](https://github.com/gorilla/mux)、[httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter) 和 [bone](https://github.com/go-zoo/bone)（按性能从低到高排列）。即使 bone 有最佳性能和更简单的 handler 签名，但对于我来说，它仍然不够成熟，无法用于生产环境。因此，我最终使用了 httprouter。在本教程中，我将使用 httprouter 构建一个简单的 REST API 服务器。
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如果你想偷懒，只想获取源码，你可以在[这里](https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part4)[4]直接检出我的 github 仓库。
让我们开始吧。首先创建一个基本端点：
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)
func Index(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) {
fmt.Fprint(w, "Welcome!\n")
}
func main() {
router := httprouter.New()
router.GET("/", Index)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router))
}
```
在上面的代码段中，`Index` 是一个 handler 函数，需要传入三个参数。 之后，该 handler 将在 `main` 函数中被注册到 GET `/` 路径。 现在编译并运行您的程序，转到 `http:// localhost:8080`，来查看您的 API 服务器。点击[这里](https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part1)[1]获取当前代码。
现在我们可以让 API 变得复杂一点。我们现在有一个名为 `Book` 的实体，可以把 `ISDN` 字段作为唯一标识。让我们创建更多的动作，即分表代表着 Index 和 Show 动作的 GET `/books` 和 GET `/books/:isdn`。 我们的 `main.go` 文件此时如下：
```go
package main
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)
func Index(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) {
fmt.Fprint(w, "Welcome!\n")
}
type Book struct {
// The main identifier for the Book. This will be unique.
ISDN string `json:"isdn"`
Title string `json:"title"`
Author string `json:"author"`
Pages int `json:"pages"`
}
type JsonResponse struct {
// Reserved field to add some meta information to the API response
Meta interface{} `json:"meta"`
Data interface{} `json:"data"`
}
type JsonErrorResponse struct {
Error *ApiError `json:"error"`
}
type ApiError struct {
Status int16 `json:"status"`
Title string `json:"title"`
}
// A map to store the books with the ISDN as the key
// This acts as the storage in lieu of an actual database
var bookstore = make(map[string]*Book)
// Handler for the books index action
// GET /books
func BookIndex(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) {
books := []*Book{}
for _, book := range bookstore {
books = append(books, book)
}
response := &JsonResponse{Data: &books}
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8")
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
}
// Handler for the books Show action
// GET /books/:isdn
func BookShow(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, params httprouter.Params) {
isdn := params.ByName("isdn")
book, ok := bookstore[isdn]
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8")
if !ok {
// No book with the isdn in the url has been found
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
response := JsonErrorResponse{Error: &ApiError{Status: 404, Title: "Record Not Found"}}
if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
}
response := JsonResponse{Data: book}
if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
}
func main() {
router := httprouter.New()
router.GET("/", Index)
router.GET("/books", BookIndex)
router.GET("/books/:isdn", BookShow)
// Create a couple of sample Book entries
bookstore["123"] = &Book{
ISDN: "123",
Title: "Silence of the Lambs",
Author: "Thomas Harris",
Pages: 367,
}
bookstore["124"] = &Book{
ISDN: "124",
Title: "To Kill a Mocking Bird",
Author: "Harper Lee",
Pages: 320,
}
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router))
}
```
如果您现在尝试请求 `GET https:// localhost:8080/books`，您将得到以下响应：
```go
{
"meta": null,
"data": [
{
"isdn": "123",
"title": "Silence of the Lambs",
"author": "Thomas Harris",
"pages": 367
},
{
"isdn": "124",
"title": "To Kill a Mocking Bird",
"author": "Harper Lee",
"pages": 320
}
]
}
```
我们在 `main` 函数中硬编码了这两个 book 实体。点击[这里](https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part2)[2]获取当前阶段的代码。
让我们来重构一下代码。 到目前为止，我们所有的代码都放置在同一个文件中：`main.go`。我们可以把它们移到各个单独的文件中。此时我们有一个目录：
```
.
├── handlers.go
├── main.go
├── models.go
└── responses.go
```
我们把所有与 `JSON` 响应相关的结构体移动到 `responses.go`，将 handler 函数移动到 `Handlers.go`，且将 `Book` 结构体移动到 `models.go`。点击[这里](https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part3)[3]查看当前阶段的代码。 现在，我们跳过来写一些测试。在 Go 中，`*_test.go` 文件是用于测试的。因此让我们创建一个 `handlers_test.go`。
```go
package main
import (
"net/http"
"net/http/httptest"
"testing"
"github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)
func TestBookIndex(t *testing.T) {
// Create an entry of the book to the bookstore map
testBook := &Book{
ISDN: "111",
Title: "test title",
Author: "test author",
Pages: 42,
}
bookstore["111"] = testBook
// A request with an existing isdn
req1, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "/books", nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
rr1 := newRequestRecorder(req1, "GET", "/books", BookIndex)
if rr1.Code != 200 {
t.Error("Expected response code to be 200")
}
// expected response
er1 := "{\"meta\":null,\"data\":[{\"isdn\":\"111\",\"title\":\"test title\",\"author\":\"test author\",\"pages\":42}]}\n"
if rr1.Body.String() != er1 {
t.Error("Response body does not match")
}
}
// Mocks a handler and returns a httptest.ResponseRecorder
func newRequestRecorder(req *http.Request, method string, strPath string, fnHandler func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, param httprouter.Params)) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
router := httprouter.New()
router.Handle(method, strPath, fnHandler)
// We create a ResponseRecorder (which satisfies http.ResponseWriter) to record the response.
rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
// Our handlers satisfy http.Handler, so we can call their ServeHTTP method
// directly and pass in our Request and ResponseRecorder.
router.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
return rr
}
```
我们使用 `httptest` 包的 Recorder 来 mock handler。同样，您也可以为 handler `BookShow` 编写测试。
让我们稍微做些重构。我们仍然把所有路由都定义在了 `main` 函数中，handler 看起来有点臃肿，我们可以做点 DRY，我们仍然在终端中输出一些日志消息，并且可以添加一个 `BookCreate` handler 来创建一个新的 Book。
首先，让我们解决 `handlers.go`。
```go
package main
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
"github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)
func Index(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) {
fmt.Fprint(w, "Welcome!\n")
}
// Handler for the books Create action
// POST /books
func BookCreate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, params httprouter.Params) {
book := &Book{}
if err := populateModelFromHandler(w, r, params, book); err != nil {
writeErrorResponse(w, http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, "Unprocessible Entity")
return
}
bookstore[book.ISDN] = book
writeOKResponse(w, book)
}
// Handler for the books index action
// GET /books
func BookIndex(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) {
books := []*Book{}
for _, book := range bookstore {
books = append(books, book)
}
writeOKResponse(w, books)
}
// Handler for the books Show action
// GET /books/:isdn
func BookShow(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, params httprouter.Params) {
isdn := params.ByName("isdn")
book, ok := bookstore[isdn]
if !ok {
// No book with the isdn in the url has been found
writeErrorResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, "Record Not Found")
return
}
writeOKResponse(w, book)
}
// Writes the response as a standard JSON response with StatusOK
func writeOKResponse(w http.ResponseWriter, m interface{}) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8")
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&JsonResponse{Data: m}); err != nil {
writeErrorResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Internal Server Error")
}
}
// Writes the error response as a Standard API JSON response with a response code
func writeErrorResponse(w http.ResponseWriter, errorCode int, errorMsg string) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8")
w.WriteHeader(errorCode)
json.
NewEncoder(w).
Encode(&JsonErrorResponse{Error: &ApiError{Status: errorCode, Title: errorMsg}})
}
//Populates a model from the params in the Handler
func populateModelFromHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, params httprouter.Params, model interface{}) error {
body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(r.Body, 1048576))
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := r.Body.Close(); err != nil {
return err
}
if err := json.Unmarshal(body, model); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
```
我创建了两个函数，`writeOKResponse` 用于将 `StatusOK` 写入响应，其返回一个 model 或一个 model slice，`writeErrorResponse` 将在发生预期或意外错误时将 `JSON` 错误作为响应。像任何一个优秀的 gopher 一样，我们不应该 panic。我还添加了一个名为 `populateModelFromHandler` 的函数，它将内容从 body 中解析成所需的任何 model（struct）。在这种情况下，我们在 `BookCreate` handler 中使用它来填充一个 `Book`。
现在，我们来看看日志。我们简单地创建一个 `Logger` 函数，它包装了 handler 函数，并在执行 handler 函数之前和之后打印日志消息。
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"time"
"github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)
// A Logger function which simply wraps the handler function around some log messages
func Logger(fn func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, param httprouter.Params)) func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, param httprouter.Params) {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, param httprouter.Params) {
start := time.Now()
log.Printf("%s %s", r.Method, r.URL.Path)
fn(w, r, param)
log.Printf("Done in %v (%s %s)", time.Since(start), r.Method, r.URL.Path)
}
}
```
我们来看看路由。首先，在一个地方集中定义所有路由，比如 `routes.go`。
```go
package main
import "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
/*
Define all the routes here.
A new Route entry passed to the routes slice will be automatically
translated to a handler with the NewRouter() function
*/
type Route struct {
Name string
Method string
Path string
HandlerFunc httprouter.Handle
}
type Routes []Route
func AllRoutes() Routes {
routes := Routes{
Route{"Index", "GET", "/", Index},
Route{"BookIndex", "GET", "/books", BookIndex},
Route{"Bookshow", "GET", "/books/:isdn", BookShow},
Route{"Bookshow", "POST", "/books", BookCreate},
}
return routes
}
```
让我们创建一个 `NewRouter` 函数，它可以在 `main` 函数中调用，它读取上面定义的所有路由，并返回一个可用的 `httprouter.Router`。因此创建一个文件 `router.go`。我们还将使用新创建的 `Logger` 函数来包装 handler。
```go
package main
import "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
//Reads from the routes slice to translate the values to httprouter.Handle
func NewRouter(routes Routes) *httprouter.Router {
router := httprouter.New()
for _, route := range routes {
var handle httprouter.Handle
handle = route.HandlerFunc
handle = Logger(handle)
router.Handle(route.Method, route.Path, handle)
}
return router
}
```
您的目录此时应该像这样：
```
.
├── handlers.go
├── handlers_test.go
├── logger.go
├── main.go
├── models.go
├── responses.go
├── router.go
└── routes.go
```
在[这里](https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part4)[4]查看完整代码。
这应该可以让你开始编写你自己的 API 服务器了。 你当然需要把你的功能放在不同的包中，所以一个好办法就是：
```
.
├── LICENSE
├── README.md
├── handlers
│ ├── books_test.go
│ └── books.go
├── models
│ ├── book.go
│ └── *
├── store
│ ├── *
└── lib
| ├── *
├── main.go
├── router.go
├── rotes.go
```
如果您有一个大的单体服务器，您还可以将 `handlers`、`models` 和所有路由功能都放在另一个名为 `app` 的包中。只要记住，go 不像 Java 或 Scala 那样可以有循环的包调用。因此你必须格外小心您的包结构。
这就是全部内容，希望本教程能对您有用。干杯！
## 注
- [1] https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part1
- [2] https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part2
- [3] https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part3
- [4] https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part4
- [Gorilla mux] https://github.com/gorilla/mux
- [httprouter] https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter
- [bone] https://github.com/go-zoo/bone
> [https://medium.com/@gauravsingharoy/build-your-first-api-server-with-httprouter-in-golang-732b7b01f6ab](https://medium.com/@gauravsingharoy/build-your-first-api-server-with-httprouter-in-golang-732b7b01f6ab)
> 作者：Gaurav Singha Roy
> 译者：oopsguy.com
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