转于文章: https://studygolang.com/artic...
声明
下面的分析均基于Golang1.14版本。
不同硬件平台使用的汇编文件不同,本文分析的函数mcall, systemstack, asmcgocall是基于asm_arm64.s汇编文件。
不用操作系统平台使用的系统调用不同,本文分析的函数syscall是基于asm_linux_arm64.s汇编文件。
CPU的上下文
这些函数的本质都是为了切换goroutine,goroutine切换时需要切换CPU执行的上下文,主要有2个寄存器的值SP(当前线程使用的栈的栈顶地址),PC(下一个要执行的指令的地址)。
mcall函数
mcall函数的定义如下,mcall传入的是函数指针,传入函数的类型如下,只有一个参数goroutine的指针,无返回值。
func mcall(fn func(*g)
mcall函数的作用是在系统栈中执行调度代码,并且调度代码不会返回,将在运行过程中又一次执行mcall。mcall的流程是保存当前的g的上下文,切换到g0的上下文,传入函数参数,跳转到函数代码执行。
// void mcall(fn func(*g))
// Switch to m->g0's stack, call fn(g).
// Fn must never return. It should gogo(&g->sched)
// to keep running g.
TEXT runtime·mcall(SB), NOSPLIT|NOFRAME, $0-8
// Save caller state in g->sched
//此时线程当前的sp pc bp等上下文都存在寄存器中 需要将寄存器的值写回g 下面就是写回g的过程
MOVD RSP, R0 // R0 = RSP
MOVD R0, (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(g) // g_sp = RO 保存sp寄存器的值
MOVD R29, (g_sched+gobuf_bp)(g) // g_bp = R29 (R29保存bp值)
MOVD LR, (g_sched+gobuf_pc)(g) // g_pc = LR (LR保存pc值)
MOVD $0, (g_sched+gobuf_lr)(g) // g_lr = 0
MOVD g, (g_sched+gobuf_g)(g) // ???
// Switch to m->g0 & its stack, call fn.
// 将当前的g切为g0
MOVD g, R3 // R3 = g (g表示当前调用mcall时的goutine)
MOVD g_m(g), R8 // R8 = g.m (R8表示g绑定的m 即当前的m)
MOVD m_g0(R8), g // g = m.g0 (将当前g切换为g0)
BL runtime·save_g(SB) // ???
CMP g, R3 // g == g0 R3 == 调用mcall的g 必不相等
BNE 2(PC) // 如果不想等则正常执行
B runtime·badmcall(SB) // 相等则说明有bug 调用badmcall
// fn是要调用的函数 写入寄存器
MOVD fn+0(FP), R26 // context R26存的是fn的pc
MOVD 0(R26), R4 // code pointer R4也是fn的pc值
MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(g), R0 // g0的 sp值赋给寄存器
MOVD R0, RSP // sp = m->g0->sched.sp
MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_bp)(g), R29 // g0的bp值赋给对应的寄存器
MOVD R3, -8(RSP) // R3在之前被赋值为调用mcall的g 现在写入g0的栈中 作为fn的函数参数
MOVD $0, -16(RSP) // 此处的空值不太理解 只有一个参数且无返回值 为何要在栈中预留8字节
SUB $16, RSP // 对栈进行偏移16byte(上面g $0 各占8byte)
BL (R4) // R4此时是fn的pc值 跳到该 PC执行fn
B runtime·badmcall2(SB) // 该函数永远不会返回 因此这一步理论上永远执行不到
常见的调用mcall执行的函数有:
mcall(gosched_m)
mcall(park_m)
mcall(goexit0)
mcall(exitsyscall0)
mcall(preemptPark)
mcall(gopreempt_m)
systemstack函数
systemstack函数的定义如下,传入的函数无参数,无返回值。
func systemstack(fn func())
systemstack函数的作用是在系统栈中执行只能由g0(或gsignal?)执行的调度代码,和mcall不同的是,在执行完调度代码后会切回到现在正在执行的代码。
该部分的源码注释有只有个大概的流程的理解,许多细节推敲不出来。主要流程是先判断当前运行的g是否为g0或者gsignal,如果是则直接运行,不是则先切换到g0,执行完函数后切换为g返回调用处。
// systemstack_switch is a dummy routine that systemstack leaves at the bottom
// of the G stack. We need to distinguish the routine that
// lives at the bottom of the G stack from the one that lives
// at the top of the system stack because the one at the top of
// the system stack terminates the stack walk (see topofstack()).
TEXT runtime·systemstack_switch(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
UNDEF
BL (LR) // make sure this function is not leaf
RET
// func systemstack(fn func())
TEXT runtime·systemstack(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
MOVD fn+0(FP), R3 // R3 = fn
MOVD R3, R26 // context R26 = R3 = fn
MOVD g_m(g), R4 // R4 = m
MOVD m_gsignal(R4), R5 // R5 = m.gsignal
CMP g, R5 // m.gsignal是有权限执行fn的g
BEQ noswitch // 如果相等说明已经是m.gsignale了 则不需要切换
MOVD m_g0(R4), R5 // R5 = g0
CMP g, R5 // 如果当前的g已经是g0 则说明不用切换
BEQ noswitch
MOVD m_curg(R4), R6 // R6 = m.curg
CMP g, R6 // m.curg == g
BEQ switch
// Bad: g is not gsignal, not g0, not curg. What is it?
// Hide call from linker nosplit analysis.
MOVD $runtime·badsystemstack(SB), R3
BL (R3)
B runtime·abort(SB)
switch:
// save our state in g->sched. Pretend to
// be systemstack_switch if the G stack is scanned.
MOVD $runtime·systemstack_switch(SB), R6
ADD $8, R6 // get past prologue
// 以下是常规的保存当前g的上下文
MOVD R6, (g_sched+gobuf_pc)(g)
MOVD RSP, R0
MOVD R0, (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(g)
MOVD R29, (g_sched+gobuf_bp)(g)
MOVD $0, (g_sched+gobuf_lr)(g)
MOVD g, (g_sched+gobuf_g)(g)
// switch to g0
MOVD R5, g // g = R5 = g0
BL runtime·save_g(SB)
MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(g), R3 // R3 = sp
// make it look like mstart called systemstack on g0, to stop traceback
SUB $16, R3 // sp地址 内存对齐
AND $~15, R3
MOVD $runtime·mstart(SB), R4
MOVD R4, 0(R3)
MOVD R3, RSP
MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_bp)(g), R29 // R29 = g0.gobuf.bp
// call target function
MOVD 0(R26), R3 // code pointer
BL (R3)
// switch back to g
MOVD g_m(g), R3
MOVD m_curg(R3), g
BL runtime·save_g(SB)
MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(g), R0
MOVD R0, RSP
MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_bp)(g), R29
MOVD $0, (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(g)
MOVD $0, (g_sched+gobuf_bp)(g)
RET
noswitch:
// already on m stack, just call directly
// Using a tail call here cleans up tracebacks since we won't stop
// at an intermediate systemstack.
MOVD 0(R26), R3 // code pointer R3 = R26 = fn
MOVD.P 16(RSP), R30 // restore LR R30 = RSP + 16(systemstack调用完成后下条指令的PC值?)
SUB $8, RSP, R29 // restore FP R29 = RSP - 8 表示栈的
B (R3)
asmcgocall函数
asmcgocall函数定义如下,传入的参数有2个为函数指针和参数指针,返回参数为int32。
func asmcgocall(fn, arg unsafe.Pointer) int32
asmcgocall函数的作用是执行cgo代码,该部分代码只能在g0(或gsignal, osthread)的栈执行,因此流程是先判断当前的栈是否要切换,如果无需切换则直接执行nosave然后返回,否则先保存当前g的上下文,然后切换到g0,执行完cgo代码后切回g,然后返回。
// func asmcgocall(fn, arg unsafe.Pointer) int32
// Call fn(arg) on the scheduler stack,
// aligned appropriately for the gcc ABI.
// See cgocall.go for more details.
TEXT ·asmcgocall(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-20
MOVD fn+0(FP), R1 // R1 = fn
MOVD arg+8(FP), R0 // R2 = arg
MOVD RSP, R2 // save original stack pointer
CBZ g, nosave // 如果g为nil 则跳转到 nosave。 g == nil是否说明当前是osthread?
MOVD g, R4 // R4 = g
// Figure out if we need to switch to m->g0 stack.
// We get called to create new OS threads too, and those
// come in on the m->g0 stack already.
MOVD g_m(g), R8 // R8 = g.m
MOVD m_gsignal(R8), R3 // R3 = g.m.gsignal
CMP R3, g // 如果g == g.m.signal jump nosave
BEQ nosave
MOVD m_g0(R8), R3 // 如果g== m.g0 jump nosave
CMP R3, g
BEQ nosave
// Switch to system stack.
// save g的上下文
MOVD R0, R9 // gosave<> and save_g might clobber R0
BL gosave<>(SB)
MOVD R3, g
BL runtime·save_g(SB)
MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(g), R0
MOVD R0, RSP
MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_bp)(g), R29
MOVD R9, R0
// Now on a scheduling stack (a pthread-created stack).
// Save room for two of our pointers /*, plus 32 bytes of callee
// save area that lives on the caller stack. */
MOVD RSP, R13
SUB $16, R13
MOVD R13, RSP // RSP = RSP - 16
MOVD R4, 0(RSP) // save old g on stack RSP.0 = R4 = oldg
MOVD (g_stack+stack_hi)(R4), R4 // R4 = old.g.stack.hi
SUB R2, R4 // R4 = oldg.stack.hi - old_RSP
MOVD R4, 8(RSP) // save depth in old g stack (can't just save SP, as stack might be copied during a callback)
BL (R1) // R1 = fn
MOVD R0, R9 // R9 = R0 = errno?
// Restore g, stack pointer. R0 is errno, so don't touch it
MOVD 0(RSP), g // g = RSP.0 = oldg
BL runtime·save_g(SB)
MOVD (g_stack+stack_hi)(g), R5 // R5 = g.stack.hi
MOVD 8(RSP), R6 // R6 = RSP + 8 = oldg.stack.hi - old_RSP
SUB R6, R5 // R5 = R5 - R6 = old_RSP
MOVD R9, R0 // R0 = R9 = errno
MOVD R5, RSP // RSP = R5 = old_RSP
MOVW R0, ret+16(FP) // ret = R0 = errno
RET
nosave:
// Running on a system stack, perhaps even without a g.
// Having no g can happen during thread creation or thread teardown
// (see needm/dropm on Solaris, for example).
// This code is like the above sequence but without saving/restoring g
// and without worrying about the stack moving out from under us
// (because we're on a system stack, not a goroutine stack).
// The above code could be used directly if already on a system stack,
// but then the only path through this code would be a rare case on Solaris.
// Using this code for all "already on system stack" calls exercises it more,
// which should help keep it correct.
MOVD RSP, R13
SUB $16, R13
MOVD R13, RSP // RSP = RSP - 16
MOVD $0, R4 // R4 = 0
MOVD R4, 0(RSP) // Where above code stores g, in case someone looks during debugging.
MOVD R2, 8(RSP) // Save original stack pointer. RSP + 8 = old_R2
BL (R1)
// Restore stack pointer.
MOVD 8(RSP), R2 // R2 = RSP + 8 = old_R2
MOVD R2, RSP // RSP = old_R2 = old_RSP
MOVD R0, ret+16(FP) // ret = R0 = errno
RET
syscall函数
Syscall函数的定义如下,传入4个参数,返回3个参数。
func syscall(fn, a1, a2, a3 uintptr) (r1, r2 uintptr, err Errno)
syscall函数的作用是传入系统调用的地址和参数,执行完成后返回。流程主要是系统调用前执行entersyscall,设置g p的状态,然后入参,执行后,写返回值然后执行exitsyscall设置g p的状态。
entersyscall和exitsyscall在g的调用中细讲。
// func Syscall(trap int64, a1, a2, a3 uintptr) (r1, r2, err uintptr);
// Trap # in AX, args in DI SI DX R10 R8 R9, return in AX DX
// Note that this differs from "standard" ABI convention, which
// would pass 4th arg in CX, not R10.
// 4个入参:PC param1 param2 param3
TEXT ·Syscall(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-56
// 调用entersyscall 判断是执行条件是否满足 记录调度信息 切换g p的状态
CALL runtime·entersyscall(SB)
// 将参数存入寄存器中
MOVQ a1+8(FP), DI
MOVQ a2+16(FP), SI
MOVQ a3+24(FP), DX
MOVQ trap+0(FP), AX // syscall entry
SYSCALL
CMPQ AX, $0xfffffffffffff001
JLS ok
// 执行失败时 写返回值
MOVQ $-1, r1+32(FP)
MOVQ $0, r2+40(FP)
NEGQ AX
MOVQ AX, err+48(FP)
// 调用exitsyscall 记录调度信息
CALL runtime·exitsyscall(SB)
RET
ok:
// 执行成功时 写返回值
MOVQ AX, r1+32(FP)
MOVQ DX, r2+40(FP)
MOVQ $0, err+48(FP)
CALL runtime·exitsyscall(SB)
RET
除了Syscal还有Syscall6(除fn还有6个参数)对应有6个参数的系统调用。实现大同小异,这里不分析。
总结与思考
1.汇编函数的作用。为什么golang一定要引入汇编函数呢?因为CPU执行时的上下文是寄存器,只有汇编语言才能操作寄存器。
2.CPU的上下文和g.sched(gobuf)结构体中的字段一一对应,只有10个以内的字段,因此切换上下文效率非常的高。
3.除了golang,其它在用的语言是否要有类似的汇编来实现语言和操作系统之间的交互?
最后
除了mcall函数,其它函数在具体执行细节上理解不够深,后面加强汇编相关的知识后再把这个坑填上。
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