本文主要介绍使用nginx-quic和boringssl项目来对服务器进行升级支持HTTP/3协议。
1、背景介绍
nginx官方从1.19版本开始,新建立了一个分支,专门用来对QUIC进行支持,官网的链接点这里。注意该项目还处于早期的alpha版本,非常不建议用于生产环境。
The code is at an early alpha level of quality and should not be used in production.
nginx-quic的安装包可以在下面这里找到,由于还处于开发阶段,项目更新得非常快。
https://hg.nginx.org/nginx-quic/shortlog/quic
从官网的readme文件我们可以了解到,截止到2020年8月21日,nginx-quic项目目前只支持h3-27
、h3-28
、h3-29
三个版本,再早期的草案版本并不支持,不过目前更新的速度非常快,变动也很大。
Currently we support IETF-QUIC draft-27, draft-28, draft-29.
Earlier drafts are NOT supported as they have incompatible wire format.
考虑到浏览器的兼容性,接下来我们主要基于h3-27版本进行测试。
同时需要注意的是openssl官方版本目前并不支持quic协议,官方于2020年2月给出的原因是目前quic并不稳定,还有很多版本需要迭代确定,它们需要优先把精力放在openssl3.0版本的开发上,等到openssl3.0版本开发完成了再来进行quic的支持。
So in conclusion; QUIC is on our minds, but it will not be included in the OpenSSL 3.0 release. We expect more tangible action to happen after we’ve released OpenSSL 3.0.
所以我们这里需要用到谷歌自己使用的openssl分支版本boringssl,这是谷歌对应的开源的自用的openssl版本,谷歌官方表示boringssl这个项目虽然开源了,但是并不建议大家在生产环境上广泛使用,因为它是根据谷歌自身的需求进行调整的,有些API可能并不稳定。
2、编译安装nginx-quic
这里我们使用了CentOS7来进行编译安装
[root@TINY-DESKTOP /root]# lsb_release -a
LSB Version: :core-4.1-amd64:core-4.1-noarch:cxx-4.1-amd64:cxx-4.1-noarch:desktop-4.1-amd64:desktop-4.1-noarch:languages-4.1-amd64:languages-4.1-noarch:printing-4.1-amd64:printing-4.1-noarch
Distributor ID: CentOS
Description: CentOS Linux release 7.8.2003 (Core)
Release: 7.8.2003
Codename: Core
首先我们在系统中使用yum安装基本的编译工具,注意此次使用的很多软件工具和依赖都是需要较新版本的,因此后面会进行大量的编译安装,请确保机器拥有足够的性能(可能需要编译gcc)和良好的网络。主要需要使用到的工具软件的安装步骤如下:
2.1 yum安装依赖
需要注意的是这里安装所需要的软件很多,这里并不能全部列出来,但是除了列出来的软件对新版本有要求外,别的都可以直接使用yum进行安装,当然也可以自己根据需要编译安装新版本。
sudo yum install "Development Tools"
需要注意的是网上有部分教程会让我们去安装
build-essential
,而这个套件在centos中是不存在的,我们直接安装Development Tools套件即可
2.2 编译安装cmake
cmake的版本必须要在3.0以上,cmake可以到这里下载https://cmake.org/download/
。
wget https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v3.18.2/cmake-3.18.2.tar.gz
tar -zxvf cmake-3.18.2.tar.gz
./bootstrap
gmake
make
make install
cmake --version
2.3 编译安装perl
perl的安装包可以从这里www.cpan.org/src
下载。perl的版本需要尽可能新,否则可能会出现问题,这里使用的是5.32.0的稳定版本(截止2020-08-21)
wget https://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.32.0.tar.gz
tar -zxvf perl-5.32.0.tar.gz
cd perl-5.32.0/
./Configure -des -Dprefix=/usr/local/perl
make -j8
make test
make install
# 注意最后检查一下系统默认的perl是否为我们新安装的perl
perl -v
# 如果不是则需要进行修改
# 查看默认的perl
which perl | xargs file
# 替换新安装的perl和原来的perl
mv /usr/bin/perl /usr/bin/perl.5.16.3
# 需要注意新安装的perl目录要根据前面编译的时候指定的目录来确定
ln -s /usr/local/perl/bin/perl /usr/bin/perl
# 再次检查
perl -v
2.4 安装golang
golang的安装配置比较简单,我们从https://golang.org/dl
直接下载最新的稳定版本即可。
wget https://golang.org/dl/go1.15.linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar -zxvf go1.15.linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /usr/local
# 修改系统默认的go文件
ln -s /usr/local/go/bin/go /usr/bin/go
接下来的go环境变量同学们可以根据自己的实际需求进行配置。对于我个人而言,我直接在/etc/profile
中添加下面的配置然后source生效即可。
export GOROOT=/usr/local/go
export GOBIN=$GOROOT/bin
export PATH=$PATH:$GOBIN
export GOPATH=/home/gopath
2.5 编译安装gcc
CentOS7默认的gcc的版本太久了,编译boringssl的时候会报错,我们手动编译安装新版本的gcc,这里使用的是10.2.0的版本。gcc的版本可以在这里下载http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/
。
wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-10.2.0/gcc-10.2.0.tar.gz
tar -zxvf gcc-10.2.0.tar.gz
cd gcc-10.2.0/
# 解压完成后需要下载四个依赖,我们执行脚本即可直接下载,服务器网络不好的同学也可以手动下载
./contrib/download_prerequisites
# 创建一个专门用来编译的目录
mkdir gcc-build-10.2.0
cd gcc-build-10.2.0/
# 这里需要对c和c++进行支持,为了节省时间禁用掉了交叉编译
. ../configure -enable-checking=release -enable-languages=c,c++ -disable-multilib
# 接下来这里需要很久
make -j8
make install
# 安装完成之后我们需要替换原来的cc文件和c++文件,确保它们的版本都是最新的版本
# 一般来说原来系统的cc文件和c++文件都在/usr/bin/目录下,而我们编译安装的cc文件和c++文件在/usr/local/bin/
cd /usr/bin/
mv /usr/bin/cc /usr/bin/cc.4.8.5
mv /usr/bin/c++ /usr/bin/c++.4.8.5
ln -s /usr/local/bin/gcc /usr/bin/cc
ln -s /usr/local/bin/c++ /usr/bin/c++
# 最后检查版本
/usr/bin/cc -v
/usr/bin/c++ -v
gcc下载的依赖内容如下,有需要的同学自取
[root@TINY-DESKTOP /home/gcc-10.2.0]# ./contrib/download_prerequisites 2020-08-21 21:28:24 URL:http://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/gmp-6.1.0.tar.bz2 [2383840/2383840] -> "./gmp-6.1.0.tar.bz2" [1] 2020-08-21 21:28:26 URL:http://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/mpfr-3.1.4.tar.bz2 [1279284/1279284] -> "./mpfr-3.1.4.tar.bz2" [1] 2020-08-21 21:28:28 URL:http://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/mpc-1.0.3.tar.gz [669925/669925] -> "./mpc-1.0.3.tar.gz" [1] 2020-08-21 21:28:30 URL:http://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/isl-0.18.tar.bz2 [1658291/1658291] -> "./isl-0.18.tar.bz2" [1] gmp-6.1.0.tar.bz2: OK mpfr-3.1.4.tar.bz2: OK mpc-1.0.3.tar.gz: OK isl-0.18.tar.bz2: OK All prerequisites downloaded successfully.
2.6 编译安装boringssl
谷歌官方建议我们使用ninja
来编译安装boringssl,因此我们需要先安装一个ninja
。
wget https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/releases/download/v1.10.1/ninja-linux.zip
unzip ninja-linux.zip
cp -r ninja /usr/bin/
which ninja
# 注意这里的git仓库很大,大概在250MB左右,请确保编译安装服务器的网络良好
git clone https://github.com/google/boringssl.git
cd boringssl/
# 建立一个专门用于编译的文件夹
mkdir build
cd build
cmake -GNinja ..
ninja
注意在执行cmake这一步的时候正常情况下检测到的gcc文件和perl库版本应该是我们之前编译安装好的新版本,如果不对的话需要再次检查
# cmake -GNinja .. -- The C compiler identification is GNU 10.2.0 -- Detecting C compiler ABI info -- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done -- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/cc - skipped -- Detecting C compile features -- Detecting C compile features - done -- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 10.2.0 -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done -- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ - skipped -- Detecting CXX compile features -- Detecting CXX compile features - done -- Found Perl: /usr/bin/perl (found version "5.32.0") -- Checking for module 'libunwind-generic' -- No package 'libunwind-generic' found libunwind not found. Disabling unwind tests. -- The ASM compiler identification is GNU -- Found assembler: /usr/bin/cc -- Configuring done -- Generating done -- Build files have been written to: /root/boringssl/build
2.7 编译nginx
剩下的nginx的编译安装步骤就和正常的nginx编译安装一致,这里不再赘述,模块可以根据自己的需求进行安装,开启HTTP/3模块需要使用--with-http_v3_module --with-cc-opt="-I../boringssl-master/include" --with-ld-opt="-L../boringssl-master/build/ssl -L../boringssl-master/build/crypto"
参数。
cd nginx-quic/
./auto/configure --prefix=/home/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_v3_module --with-cc-opt="-I../boringssl-master/include" --with-ld-opt="-L../boringssl-master/build/ssl -L../boringssl-master/build/crypto"
make
make install
安装完成后我们检测nginx的参数:
# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.19.2
built by gcc 10.2.0 (GCC)
built with OpenSSL 1.1.0 (compatible; BoringSSL) (running with BoringSSL)
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/home/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-debug --with-http_v3_module --with-cc-opt=-I../boringssl/include --with-ld-opt='-L../boringssl/build/ssl -L../boringssl/build/crypto'
3、配置nginx-quic
- 由于HTTP/3需要使用udp协议端口,请注意开放对应的防火墙
- http2监听的是443的tcp端口,而http3监听的是udp端口
- nginx中添加了
$http3
和$quic
变量,可以添加到日志中,这样就可以看到是否使用了HTTP/3来进行访问了 - 如果有多个server_name,在不指定IP的情况下,只需要在任意一个配置了
listen 443 http3 quic reuseport;
那么其他所有server_name都会开启HTTP3,并且不需要再添加该配置否则会报错(不知道后续会不会把报错去掉),如果需要部分server_name开启HTTP/3,请指定监听IP。 - http3增加了
http3_max_field_size
、http3_max_table_capacity
、http3_max_blocked_streams
、http3_max_concurrent_pushes
、http3_push
、http3_push_preload
这六个变量来控制http3的性能
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
listen 443 http3 quic reuseport;
# UDP listener for QUIC+HTTP/3
server_name tinychen.com www.tinychen.com;
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload";
resolver 127.0.0.1;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_ecdh_curve X25519:P-256:P-384;
ssl_ciphers TLS13-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256:TLS13-AES-256-GCM-SHA384:TLS13-AES-128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:EECDH+CHACHA20:EECDH+AES128;
# 该选项用于开启address validation,但是会和0-RTT冲突
#quic_retry on;
# 开启 TLS 1.3 0-RTT
ssl_early_data on;
# 添加 Early-Data 头告知后端, 防止重放攻击
proxy_set_header Early-Data $ssl_early_data;
# 参考nginx官方目前支持的http3版本,我们添加对应的header
add_header Alt-Svc 'h3-27=":443"; h3-28=":443"; h3-29=":443"; ma=86400; quic=":443"';
......
}
4、测试
目前的主流浏览器只有Firefox和Chrome支持了HTTP/3协议。并且两者支持程度并不高,Firefox是默认禁用,Chrome是默认开启部分,因此配置起来有点麻烦。
4.1 HTTP/3 CHECK
http3check.net
网站提供了网站的HTTP/3
支持检测
4.2 Firefox开启HTTP/3
对于firefox要求版本在75+,我们直接使用最新版本进行测试:
在firefox中开启http3比较简单,我们直接在地址栏中输入about:config
,然后搜索http3
,将network.http.http3.enabled
设置为true
,接着重启浏览器。
再次访问tinychen.com就可以看到使用了HTTP/3协议进行访问,在后台的日志中也能看到对应的请求使用了quic
和h3-27
。(日志中的IP地址已做脱敏处理)。
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET / HTTP/3 | - | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /css/main.css HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/pace/pace-theme-material.min.css HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/pace/pace.min.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/canvas-nest/canvas-nest.min.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/anime.min.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/velocity/velocity.min.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /js/utils.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /js/motion.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /js/schemes/pisces.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /js/next-boot.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /js/local-search.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.011 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:14:40:47 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2?v=4.7.0 HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0 | 0.014 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
4.3 Chrome开启HTTP/3
nginx的官网提示说Chrome需要83+版本才支持HTTP/3,实测在部分网站(如google.com
)确实可以使用HTTP/3的某些草案版本,但是Chrome目前来说默认还是不支持h3-27协议
,我们需要手动开启。对于windows系统而言,我们使用命令行+指定参数的方式开启h3-27
的支持:
PS C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\Chrome\Application> .\chrome.exe --enable-quic --quic-version=h3-27
PS C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\Chrome\Application> .\chrome.exe --enable-quic --quic-version=h3-27 --origin-to-force-quic-on=tinychen.com:443
上面使用了powershell来启动chrome,为了保证效果,还使用了--origin-to-force-quic-on
来强行指定域名和端口。
本次测试的chrome版本如下:
测试效果如下:
除了本次的测试网站tinychen.com外,我们还可以看到谷歌的大部分网站也都开启了HTTP/3。
同样的我们在后台日志中也能看到对应的访问日志(日志中的IP地址已做脱敏处理):
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:15:01:26 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET / HTTP/3 | - | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.135 Safari/537.36 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:15:01:27 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /css/main.css HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.135 Safari/537.36 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:15:01:27 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.135 Safari/537.36 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:15:01:27 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/pace/pace-theme-material.min.css HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.135 Safari/537.36 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:15:01:27 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/pace/pace.min.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.135 Safari/537.36 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
0.0.0.0 | [24/Aug/2020:15:01:27 +0800] | 200 | tinychen.com | GET /lib/canvas-nest/canvas-nest.min.js HTTP/3 | https://tinychen.com/ | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.135 Safari/537.36 | 0.000 | TLSv1.3 | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 | quic | h3-27
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