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> 本文由[鹅厂新鲜事儿](https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/1642104?fromSource=waitui)发表于[云+社区专栏](https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/column/2305?fromSource=waitui)
**作者:oceanlong | 腾讯 移动客户端开发工程师**
## **前言**
UI布局是整个前端体系里不可或缺的一环。代码的布局是设计语言与用户视觉感受沟通的桥梁,不论它看起来多么简单或是琐碎,但不得不承认,绝大部分软件开发的问题,都是界面问题。那么,如何高效的完成UI开发,也是软件行业一直在克服的问题。
![img](https://ask.qcloudimg.com/draft/1642104/mjijt4kd73.png?imageView2/2/w/1620)
所以,软件界面开发的核心点即是:如何减少UI设计稿的建模难度和减少建模转化到代码的实现难度
最初iOS提供了平面直角坐标系的方式,来解决布局问题,即所谓的手动布局。平面直角坐标系确实是一套完备在理论,这在数学上已经验证过了,只要我们的屏幕还是平面,它就肯定是有效的。但有效不一定高效,我们在日常的生活中,很少会用平面直角坐标系来向人描述位置关系。更多的是依靠相对位置。
所幸,iOS为我们提供自动布局的方法,来解决这一困境。
![img](https://ask.qcloudimg.com/draft/1642104/wj46fp5m2c.png?imageView2/2/w/1620)
## **自动布局的基本理念**
其实说到本质,它和手动布局是一样的。对一个控件放在哪里,我们依然只关心它的`(x, y, width, height)`。但手动布局的方式是,一次性计算出这四个值,然后设置进去,完成布局。但当父控件或屏幕发生变化时,子控件的计算就要重新来过,非常麻烦。
因此,在自动布局中,我们不再关心`(x, y, width, height)`的具体值,我们只关心`(x, y, width, height)`四个量对应的约束。
### **约束**
那么何为约束呢?
```
obj1.property1 =(obj2.property2 * multiplier)+ constant value
```
**子控件的某一个量一定与另一个控件的某一个量呈线性关系**,这就是约束。
那么,给`(x, y, width, height)`四个量,分别给一个约束,就可以确定一个控件的最终位置。
```javascript
//创建左边约束
NSLayoutConstraint *leftLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft multiplier:1.0 constant:20];
[self.view addConstraint:leftLc];
```
这一段代码即是:**控件(blueView)的 x = rootView的x \* 1.0 + 20**这里一定要注意,这样的一条约束,涉及了子控件和父控件,所以这条约束一定要添加到父控件中。
### **添加约束的规则:**
- 如果两个控件是父子控件,则添加到父控件中。
- 如果两个控件不是父子控件,则添加到层级最近的共同父控件中。
## **示例**
```javascript
//关闭Autoresizing
blueView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
//创建左边约束
NSLayoutConstraint *leftLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft multiplier:1.0 constant:20];
[self.view addConstraint:leftLc];
//创建右边约束
NSLayoutConstraint *rightLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeRight relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeRight multiplier:1.0 constant:-20];
[self.view addConstraint:rightLc];
//创建底部约束
NSLayoutConstraint *bottomLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeBottom relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeBottom multiplier:1.0 constant:-20];
[self.view addConstraint:bottomLc];
//创建高度约束
NSLayoutConstraint *heightLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeHeight relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:nil attribute:NSLayoutAttributeNotAnAttribute multiplier:0.0 constant:50];
[blueView addConstraint: heightLc];
```
![img](https://ask.qcloudimg.com/draft/1642104/7jtvywmxmf.png?imageView2/2/w/1620)
我们注意到,自动布局其实工作分两步:
1. 创建视图的约束
2. 将约束添加到合适的位置约束关系从上面的描述中,已经非常清晰了。那么如何寻找约束添加的合适位置呢?
![img](https://ask.qcloudimg.com/draft/1642104/knm7y3koms.png?imageView2/2/w/1620)
------
到这里,我们只是解决了**如何减少UI设计稿的建模难度的问题**,显然,**减少建模转化到代码的实现难度**这个效果没能达成。关于如何解决**减少建模转化到代码的实现难度**的问题,
## **开源库**
上面的代码,我们可以看到,虽然自动布局已经比手动布局优雅不少了,但它依然行数较多。每条约束大约都需要三行代码,面对复杂的页面,这样开发出来,会很难阅读。
**Masonry**则为我们解决了这个问题。
[Masonry地址](https://github.com/SnapKit/Masonry)
### **引入Masonry**
我们选择使用**Cocoapods**的方式。引入比较简单:
1. 我们先在工程目录下,创建**Podfile**文件:
![img](https://ask.qcloudimg.com/draft/1642104/xxpkucy38f.png?imageView2/2/w/1620)
2.编辑**Podfile**
![img](https://ask.qcloudimg.com/draft/1642104/j64kv38b48.png?imageView2/2/w/1620)
其中,'IosOcDemo'就是我们工程的名字,根据需要,我们自行替换。
3.添加依赖
完成后,执行指令`pod install`。CocoaPods就会为我们自动下载并添加依赖。
### **实践**
![img](https://ask.qcloudimg.com/draft/1642104/ywl4fs7jbb.png?imageView2/2/w/1620)
这样的一个代码,用手动布局,我们大致的代码应该是这样:
```javascript
-(void)initBottomView
{
self.bottomBarView = [[UIView alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectZero];
self.bottomButtons = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];
_bottomBarView.backgroundColor = [UIColor yellowColor];
[self addSubview:_bottomBarView];
for(int i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
UIButton *button = [[UIButton alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectZero];
button.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor];
[_bottomButtons addObject:button];
[self addSubview:button];
}
}
-(void)layoutBottomView
{
_bottomBarView.frame = CGRectMake(20, _viewHeight - 200, _viewWidth - 40, 200);
for (int i = 0 ; i < 3; i++) {
UIButton *button = _bottomButtons[i];
CGFloat x = i * (_viewWidth - 40 - 20 * 4) / 3 + 20*(i+1) + 20;
CGFloat y = _viewHeight - 200;
CGFloat width = (_viewWidth - 40 - 20 * 4) / 3;
CGFloat height = 200;
button.frame = CGRectMake(x, y, width, height);
}
}
```
我们来看一下,在**Masonry**的帮助下,我们可以把刚刚的代码写成什么样的:
```javascript
-(void)initBottomView
{
_bottomBarView = [[UIView alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectZero];
_bottomBarView.backgroundColor = [UIColor yellowColor];
_bottomBarView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
[self addSubview:_bottomBarView];
[_bottomBarView mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
make.left.equalTo(self).with.offset(20);
make.right.equalTo(self).with.offset(-20);
make.height.mas_equalTo(200);
make.bottom.equalTo(self);
}];
_bottomButtons = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];
for(int i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
UIButton *button = [[UIButton alloc]initWithFrame: CGRectZero];
button.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor];
button.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
[_bottomButtons addObject:button];
[_bottomBarView addSubview:button];
[button mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
if (i == 0) {
make.left.mas_equalTo(20);
}else{
UIButton *previousButton = _bottomButtons[i-1];
make.left.equalTo(previousButton.mas_right).with.offset(20);
}
make.top.mas_equalTo(_bottomBarView.mas_top);
make.width.equalTo(_bottomBarView.mas_width).with.multipliedBy(1.0f/3).offset(-20*4/3);
make.height.equalTo(_bottomBarView.mas_height);
}];
}
}
```
我们可以看到在**Masonry**的封装下,代码变得非常简练易读,需要行数略有增加,但是计算过程减少了,我们能更加关注于多个UIView间的位置关系,这与当前的UI设计语言是契合的。所以**Masonry**能否让我们更直观地表达UI。
### **源码解读**
**Masonry**的封装很有魅力,那么,我们可以简单地来看一下,它是如何封装的。我们再仔细看一下**Masonry**的API会发现,我们是直接在UIView上进行调用的。也就是说,**Masonry**对UIView进行了扩展。
在**View+MASUtilities.h**中:
```javascript
#if TARGET_OS_IPHONE || TARGET_OS_TV
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#define MAS_VIEW UIView
#define MAS_VIEW_CONTROLLER UIViewController
#define MASEdgeInsets UIEdgeInsets
```
然后在**View+MASAdditions.h**中,我们看到了**Masonry**的扩展:
```javascript
#import "MASUtilities.h"
#import "MASConstraintMaker.h"
#import "MASViewAttribute.h"
/**
* Provides constraint maker block
* and convience methods for creating MASViewAttribute which are view + NSLayoutAttribute pairs
*/
@interface MAS_VIEW (MASAdditions)
/**
* following properties return a new MASViewAttribute with current view and appropriate NSLayoutAttribute
*/
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_left;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_top;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_right;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_bottom;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_leading;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_trailing;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_width;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_height;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_centerX;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_centerY;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_baseline;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *(^mas_attribute)(NSLayoutAttribute attr);
...
/**
* Creates a MASConstraintMaker with the callee view.
* Any constraints defined are added to the view or the appropriate superview once the block has finished executing
*
* @param block scope within which you can build up the constraints which you wish to apply to the view.
*
* <a href="/user/return" title="@return">@return</a> Array of created MASConstraints
*/
- (NSArray *)mas_makeConstraints:(void(NS_NOESCAPE ^)(MASConstraintMaker *make))block;
```
一些,适配的代码,我省略了,先看核心代码。在刚刚的例子中,我们正是调用的`mas_makeConstraints`方法。
```javascript
- (NSArray *)mas_makeConstraints:(void(^)(MASConstraintMaker *))block {
self.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
MASConstraintMaker *constraintMaker = [[MASConstraintMaker alloc] initWithView:self];
block(constraintMaker);
return [constraintMaker install];
}
```
`mas_makeConstraints`方法比较简单,只是封装了`MASConstraintMaker`初始化,设置约束和安装。这里的block就是我们刚刚在外层设置的约束的函数指针。也就是这一串:
```javascript
^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
make.left.equalTo(self.view).with.offset(10);
make.right.equalTo(self.view).with.offset(-10);
make.height.mas_equalTo(50);
make.bottom.equalTo(self.view).with.offset(-10);
}
```
由于约束条件的设置比较复杂,我们先来看看初始化和安装。
#### **初始化**
```javascript
- (id)initWithView:(MAS_VIEW *)view {
self = [super init];
if (!self) return nil;
self.view = view;
self.constraints = NSMutableArray.new;
return self;
}
```
初始化的代码比较简单,将传入的**view**放入`MASConstraintMaker`成员,然后创建`MASConstraintMaker`的约束容器(NSMutableArray)。
#### **安装**
```javascript
- (NSArray *)install {
if (self.removeExisting) {
NSArray *installedConstraints = [MASViewConstraint installedConstraintsForView:self.view];
for (MASConstraint *constraint in installedConstraints) {
[constraint uninstall];
}
}
NSArray *constraints = self.constraints.copy;
for (MASConstraint *constraint in constraints) {
constraint.updateExisting = self.updateExisting;
[constraint install];
}
[self.constraints removeAllObjects];
return constraints;
}
```
安装的代码分为三块:
1. 判断是否需要移除已有的约束。如果需要,会遍历已有约束,然后逐个`uninstall`
2. `copy`已有的约束,遍历,并逐一`install`
3. `remove`掉所有约束,并将已添加的`constraints`返回。
`install`的方法,还是继续封装到了`Constraint`中,我们继续跟进阅读:
我们会发现`Constraint`只是一个接口,**Masonry**中对于`Constraint`接口有两个实现,分别是:`MASViewConstraint`和`MASCompositeConstraint`。这两个类,分别是单个约束和约束集合。在上面的例子中,我们只是对单个`UIView`进行约束,所以我们先看`MASViewConstraint`的代码。以下代码`MASViewConstraint`进行了一定程度的简化,省略了一些扩展属性,只展示我们的例子中,会执行的代码:
```javascript
- (void)install {
if (self.hasBeenInstalled) {
return;
}
...
MAS_VIEW *firstLayoutItem = self.firstViewAttribute.item;
NSLayoutAttribute firstLayoutAttribute = self.firstViewAttribute.layoutAttribute;
MAS_VIEW *secondLayoutItem = self.secondViewAttribute.item;
NSLayoutAttribute secondLayoutAttribute = self.secondViewAttribute.layoutAttribute;
// alignment attributes must have a secondViewAttribute
// therefore we assume that is refering to superview
// eg make.left.equalTo(@10)
if (!self.firstViewAttribute.isSizeAttribute && !self.secondViewAttribute) {
secondLayoutItem = self.firstViewAttribute.view.superview;
secondLayoutAttribute = firstLayoutAttribute;
}
MASLayoutConstraint *layoutConstraint
= [MASLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:firstLayoutItem
attribute:firstLayoutAttribute
relatedBy:self.layoutRelation
toItem:secondLayoutItem
attribute:secondLayoutAttribute
multiplier:self.layoutMultiplier
constant:self.layoutConstant];
layoutConstraint.priority = self.layoutPriority;
layoutConstraint.mas_key = self.mas_key;
if (self.secondViewAttribute.view) {
MAS_VIEW *closestCommonSuperview = [self.firstViewAttribute.view mas_closestCommonSuperview:self.secondViewAttribute.view];
NSAssert(closestCommonSuperview,
@"couldn't find a common superview for %@ and %@",
self.firstViewAttribute.view, self.secondViewAttribute.view);
self.installedView = closestCommonSuperview;
} else if (self.firstViewAttribute.isSizeAttribute) {
self.installedView = self.firstViewAttribute.view;
} else {
self.installedView = self.firstViewAttribute.view.superview;
}
MASLayoutConstraint *existingConstraint = nil;
...
else {
[self.installedView addConstraint:layoutConstraint];
self.layoutConstraint = layoutConstraint;
[firstLayoutItem.mas_installedConstraints addObject:self];
}
}
```
自动布局是一种相对布局,所以,绝大部分情况下,需要两个`UIView`(约束方与参照方)。在上面的方法中:
- `firstLayoutItem`是约束方,`secondLayoutItem`是参照方
- `firstLayoutAttribute`是约束方的属性,`secondLayoutAttribute`是参照方的属性。
- `MASLayoutConstraint`就是`NSLayoutConstraint`的子类,只是添加了mas_key属性。到这里,我们就与系统提供的API对应上了。
```javascript
NSLayoutConstraint *leftLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft multiplier:1.0 constant:20];
[self.view addConstraint:leftLc];
```
再看看我们之前用系统API完成的例子,是不是格外熟悉?
那么接下来,我们就是要阅读
```javascript
make.left.equalTo(self).with.offset(20);
make.right.equalTo(self).with.offset(-20);
make.height.mas_equalTo(200);
make.bottom.equalTo(self);
```
是如何变成`firstLayoutItem`, `secondLayoutItem`, `firstLayoutAttribute`, `secondLayoutAttribute`和`layoutRelation`的。
#### **约束条件的设置**
回到前面的:
```javascript
- (NSArray *)mas_makeConstraints:(void(^)(MASConstraintMaker *))block {
self.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
MASConstraintMaker *constraintMaker = [[MASConstraintMaker alloc] initWithView:self];
block(constraintMaker);
return [constraintMaker install];
}
```
我们接下来,就要看block的实现:
`block`其实是一个函数指针。此处真正调用的方法是:
```javascript
make.left.equalTo(self).with.offset(20);
make.right.equalTo(self).with.offset(-20);
make.height.mas_equalTo(200);
make.bottom.equalTo(self);
```
我们挑选其中一个,来看看源码实现:
##### **left**
```javascript
- (MASConstraint *)addConstraintWithLayoutAttribute:(NSLayoutAttribute)layoutAttribute {
return [self constraint:nil addConstraintWithLayoutAttribute:layoutAttribute];
}
- (MASConstraint *)left {
return [self addConstraintWithLayoutAttribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft];
}
- (MASConstraint *)constraint:(MASConstraint *)constraint addConstraintWithLayoutAttribute:(NSLayoutAttribute)layoutAttribute {
MASViewAttribute *viewAttribute = [[MASViewAttribute alloc] initWithView:self.view layoutAttribute:layoutAttribute];
MASViewConstraint *newConstraint = [[MASViewConstraint alloc] initWithFirstViewAttribute:viewAttribute];
if ([constraint isKindOfClass:MASViewConstraint.class]) {
//replace with composite constraint
NSArray *children = @[constraint, newConstraint];
MASCompositeConstraint *compositeConstraint = [[MASCompositeConstraint alloc] initWithChildren:children];
compositeConstraint.delegate = self;
[self constraint:constraint shouldBeReplacedWithConstraint:compositeConstraint];
return compositeConstraint;
}
if (!constraint) {
newConstraint.delegate = self;
[self.constraints addObject:newConstraint];
}
return newConstraint;
}
```
在对单个`view`添加约束时,`constraint`为nil。我们直接生成了一个新约束`newConstraint`。它的`firstViewAttribute`就是我们传入的`NSLayoutAttributeLeft`
##### **equalTo**
```javascript
- (MASConstraint * (^)(id))equalTo {
return ^id(id attribute) {
return self.equalToWithRelation(attribute, NSLayoutRelationEqual);
};
}
- (MASConstraint * (^)(id, NSLayoutRelation))equalToWithRelation {
return ^id(id attribute, NSLayoutRelation relation) {
if ([attribute isKindOfClass:NSArray.class]) {
NSAssert(!self.hasLayoutRelation, @"Redefinition of constraint relation");
NSMutableArray *children = NSMutableArray.new;
for (id attr in attribute) {
MASViewConstraint *viewConstraint = [self copy];
viewConstraint.layoutRelation = relation;
viewConstraint.secondViewAttribute = attr;
[children addObject:viewConstraint];
}
MASCompositeConstraint *compositeConstraint = [[MASCompositeConstraint alloc] initWithChildren:children];
compositeConstraint.delegate = self.delegate;
[self.delegate constraint:self shouldBeReplacedWithConstraint:compositeConstraint];
return compositeConstraint;
} else {
NSAssert(!self.hasLayoutRelation || self.layoutRelation == relation && [attribute isKindOfClass:NSValue.class], @"Redefinition of constraint relation");
self.layoutRelation = relation;
self.secondViewAttribute = attribute;
return self;
}
};
}
```
此处,我们依然先看attribute不是`NSArray`的情况。这里在单个属性的约束中,就比较简单了,将`relation`和`attribue`传入`MASConstraint`对应的成员。
在上面介绍`install`方法时,我们就曾提到过:
```javascript
MASLayoutConstraint *layoutConstraint
= [MASLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:firstLayoutItem
attribute:firstLayoutAttribute
relatedBy:self.layoutRelation
toItem:secondLayoutItem
attribute:secondLayoutAttribute
multiplier:self.layoutMultiplier
constant:self.layoutConstant];
```
`firstLayoutItem`和`secondLayoutItem`在`install`方法中已收集完成,此时,经过`left`和`equalTo`我们又收集到了:`firstViewAttribute`、`secondViewAttribute`和`layoutRelation`胜利即在眼前。
```javascript
- (MASConstraint * (^)(CGFloat))offset {
return ^id(CGFloat offset){
self.offset = offset;
return self;
};
}
- (void)setOffset:(CGFloat)offset {
self.layoutConstant = offset;
}
```
通过OC的set语法,`Masonry`将**offset**传入layoutConstant。
至此,`layoutConstraint`就完成了全部的元素收集,可以使用添加约束的方式,只需要解决最后一个问题,约束添加到哪里呢?我们似乎在调用时,并不需要关心这件事情,那说明框架帮我们完成了这个工作。
#### **closestCommonSuperview**
我们在MASViewConstraint中,可以找到这样一段:
```javascript
if (self.secondViewAttribute.view) {
MAS_VIEW *closestCommonSuperview = [self.firstViewAttribute.view mas_closestCommonSuperview:self.secondViewAttribute.view];
NSAssert(closestCommonSuperview,
@"couldn't find a common superview for %@ and %@",
self.firstViewAttribute.view, self.secondViewAttribute.view);
self.installedView = closestCommonSuperview;
} else if (self.firstViewAttribute.isSizeAttribute) {
self.installedView = self.firstViewAttribute.view;
} else {
self.installedView = self.firstViewAttribute.view.superview;
}
```
注意到,`closetCommonSuperview`就是Masonry为我们找到的最近公共父控件。
```javascript
- (instancetype)mas_closestCommonSuperview:(MAS_VIEW *)view {
MAS_VIEW *closestCommonSuperview = nil;
MAS_VIEW *secondViewSuperview = view;
while (!closestCommonSuperview && secondViewSuperview) {
MAS_VIEW *firstViewSuperview = self;
while (!closestCommonSuperview && firstViewSuperview) {
if (secondViewSuperview == firstViewSuperview) {
closestCommonSuperview = secondViewSuperview;
}
firstViewSuperview = firstViewSuperview.superview;
}
secondViewSuperview = secondViewSuperview.superview;
}
return closestCommonSuperview;
}
```
实现也比较简单。
至此,我们完成了所有准备,就可以开始愉快的自动布局啦。
以上就是**Masonry**对iOS自动布局封装的解读。
如有问题,欢迎指正。
>**问答**
>
>[iOS:如何使用自动布局约束?](https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/ask/76449?fromSource=waitui)
>
>**相关阅读**
>
>[走进 Masonry](https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1013426?fromSource=waitui)
>
>[iOS自动布局框架之Masonry](https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1029651?fromSource=waitui)
>
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